Several magnetic force formulas have been given in publications and commercial electromagnetic finite element analysis codes. Inconsistent results from a single method, and disagreement between computational methods and measurements have been reported. In this paper, we report magnetic forces measured from several setups involving combinations of permanent magnet, ferromagnetic materials, and coils, as well as computed magnetic forces from two commercially available electromagnetic analysis packages. The results show self-consistency for each computational method, however they show differences as large as 30% between codes and between measurement and numerical results. Finally, a comparison among a number of magnetic force formulations is summarized, and a correct form of the Maxwell stress tensor is concluded.
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